Linguists and academics from Algeria, France and Morocco scrutinised the teaching of the Amazigh language at an international colloquium held last week in Algiers. Discussions focused on standardising the language and the shortage of teachers.
Meryem Demnati, head of teaching at the Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture in Morocco (IRCAM), spoke about Morocco’s experiences of teaching Amazigh. He said the endeavour has been made difficult by the large number of dialects - including Tarifit, spoken in the Moroccan countryside; Tamazight, spoken in the Middle Atlas; and Tachelhit, in the High Atlas.
The number of regional Amazigh varieties has led IRCAM to "try to standardise it, to make it easier to learn and give it a national character," Demnati said. A similar situation is occurring in Algeria, where the National Teaching and Linguistic Centre for Tamazight Education (CNPLET) is attempting to deal with the numerous regional dialects, which include Kabyle, Chaoui, Mzab and Chleuh.
The teaching of Amazigh has been beset by problems ever since it began being taught in Algeria in 1995. One obstacle is the optional nature of the subject, while another has been the shortage of qualified language teachers. This has led to a rise in the number of Algerian wilayas where it is not taught at all, from six in 1995 to 11 at present.
"What we need most of all is to give this language an academy, a body which will take ultimate responsibility for teaching … one which will recruit doctorate-level researchers to put forward standards for the teaching of spelling and grammar to take us beyond the stage of a spoken language," according to CNPLET Director Abderrazak Dourari. "The centre is intended as a forum for calm, perhaps even passionate debates by specialists, but the final decision, especially regarding the choice of a writing system, does not lie within its remit."
The majority of researchers and teachers favour the Latin alphabet, but Arabic is more commonly used in Algeria. "In Batna, after the language stopped being taught, 4,267 pupils reverted to using Arabic script since 2005," said Chérifa Bilek, assistant manager for teaching and training at the Haut Commissariat à l’Amazighité (HCA) an advisory body established in 1995.
"We’re not against the use of Arabic script, but the fact is that the whole process of forming a written basis for the language carried out over almost the last 150 years has used the Latin alphabet. It would be a waste of time to begin all over again in Arabic… The choice of alphabet is not a matter of ideology. Turkish is written in the Latin alphabet, but that hasn’t changed the Muslim identity of Turkey in the slightest," Bilek said.
The lack of a decision has meant that the language is variously being taught in Latin, Arabic or Tifinagh (the original Berber alphabet) throughout Algeria. In Morocco, Tifinagh is used in the education system.
Another boost for the Amazigh language in Morocco has been that it is a compulsory subject. Algeria is looking to follow Morocco’s lead. Minister of National Education Boubekeur Benbouzid stressed his country’s willingness to help promote Amazigh, which it has recognised as a national language, and announced that it will be introduced in the Brevet de l’enseignement Moyen (BEM) exams in June 2007 and baccalaureate exams in 2008.
Benbouzid conceded, however, that "there are real problems because of the large number of dialects and the shortage of teachers able to teach in the language of Massinissa, which has already been introduced from the fourth year of primary schooling upwards."
Amazigh language teaching in Algeria lacks standardisation, qualified teachers